Digging in my garage, I found a lot of things that have pleasant to me (a diary for 4 grade, children’s toys and all that) and among them was my old munky “Romanian-Roman?"(Romanii Romenilor?) So I’ll just leave it here ..
There are only a little SlotoNauts Casino happy peoples who could create their history based on mainly from their own needs and ideals, without noticing or overcoming adverse external circumstances without unnecessary efforts. The vast majority of nations live at lively intersections, and they have to communicate with their neighbors too closely. Until now, such communication has almost always turned into a struggle, which very often became the main meaning of the existence of peoples.
Depending on the blows and the ability of the defenders to reflect them, the peoples have three possible paths – death, resistance or adaptation. The path by which the story forced this or that nation to follow a lot in its character, and therefore in the fate that it created for herself when she received such an opportunity.
Some of them could fight, relying on significant resources, whether it be natural wealth or advantages created by the mind, hard work or courage of people. The presence of such opportunities pushes to resistance, and the fighters often find themselves rewarded for their courage by a successful reflection of the external onslaught. As a legacy of this struggle, they have a lot of good weapons in strong hands. As a rule, the leaders of the victorious armies do not want to quietly dissolve them home, and those who won the struggle against the aggression of the nation, along with those whose power gradually grew on the "geopolitical islands", replenish the ranks of the conquerors, builders of empires, contenders for world dominance.
Nations who not only live on the path of all evils become victims, but also do not have enough resources to resist. Many of them die, but not all. Others continue to exist, developing the ability to adapt.
The places where the current Romania and Moldova are located are located on one of the most terrible geopolitical crossroads in the world. Here, at the southern entrance from Eurasia, two ancient paths intersect to the European peninsula: one connects the wild and inhospitable depths of the mainland with Western Europe, the other leads from the forests of the North to the warm shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
The uncountable number of times along these paths were followed by eager to enslave, rob and kill each other by the army and peoples. The rich and highly organized empires of the South, and later the West conquered barbaric tribes, but the wild hordes of the north and east were rushing towards them. The latter over time from the tribes also became empires, but this rarely reduced their thirst for power and ferocity. In their way lay a country formed by three regions adjacent to the southeastern arc of the Carpathians from the south, east and northwest.
Many of the most enormous continent of convenient routes of communication (flat steppe, large rivers, sea) and small sizes make the country vulnerable to attack. Of course, it is logical to assume that convenient communications can play a favorable role, contributing to the development of international economic and cultural ties. Yes, these roads also had such a meaning, sometimes bringing to Romania from other countries wealth and culture. However, the fact is that in the harsh and half -rod of the internal part of Eurasia, which includes (even being on the outskirts) Romania, over the course of most of the story, the tone was asked by fierce conquerors, robbers, fanatics, despots and bureaucrats, and by no means industrialists, merchants, scientists and people of art.
Still, it cannot be said that the position of the country’s population was absolutely hopeless. Crossed, forest and mountainous areas, a favorable climate, the presence of minerals at its disposal some resources. They are sufficient to repel a small, short -term attack. But still too small for waging a large -scale and protracted war with a large people or the state.
Small and subject to attacks from all directions, the country does not have a strategic depth in order to retreat for a long time, while continuing the struggle. But there is where to hide and sink difficult times – in the mountains there are many secluded valleys with a relatively favorable climate, the plains used to be covered with impassable forests. Such deaf and secluded natural shelters, of course, did not provide them with sufficient resources to create a developed economy, strong state, high culture, but could provide basic human needs. The population of mountains and forests had the opportunity to lead a quiet, primitive existence, observing from their secluded corners of the peoples and states fighting for dominance over their country.
Far line of civilization
However, the first of the people who inhabited this area, about which there are intelligible historical evidence, behaved differently. Descriptions of the tribes of Daca and Geta, left by Greek and Roman historians, draw us a gloomy-romantic image of people of freedom-loving, courageous, warlike, cruel and uncontrollable in their passions. Ready in any circumstances to fight to the last and die free. And also very pessimistic – those who consider the funeral one of the best holidays, when a person can be glad that he finally left this disgusting world. The latter circumstance, perhaps, is one of the few connecting links between this ancient people and modern Romanians, who, according to the results of the in the fall of 2003. survey turned out to be the most unhappy people in the world.
The presence of a set of qualities that the many subsequent generations of the Romanians (courage and freedom, but not pessimism) turned the real, although far from all details, the history of this people into the subject of the cult, with the help of which distant descendants of the ducks try to drown out the complexes that tormenting them, turned.
Available well to the dramatic sunset of Dacian history, we have only fragmentary information about its earlier stages. In any case, the national character of the Dacians indicates that it had to fight a lot and hard – in addition, it is also known about those who took place in the first millennium BC on these lands of the Scythians and Celts. However, the scale and duration of the wars of those times were such that the country’s resources were most likely enough for a successful confrontation to enemies in an open battle.
Now, however, there was an assumption that the Dacians did not play in the formation of the Romanian people of the role that the classical version of the history of these lands assumes them, since they were only a narrow layer of conquerors, several centuries before the Romans who conquered local tribes. But the belonging of these tribes is the most interesting element of this theory.
The ancestral of the Aryan peoples is located somewhere in the northeast of Europe, and the Romanians are the closest to this ancestral nation. Thus, it was on the territory of the current Romanian lands that the Romanesque peoples first stood out from the common Aryan family, and from there they came to Italy, and then through the Roman and Spanish empires spread to other countries and continents. There are extremely few historical evidence in favor of such a version of the ancient history of Romanians, but still there is something in it. She not only amushes the Romanian national pride, claiming that not the Romanians descended from the Romans, but the Romans from the Romanians, but also answers a number of questions that we still have to deal with – why so few traces of dacha culture have been preserved? Why, of all the remote Roman provinces, it was this Romanesque country? Where did the Romanesque population come from in Moldova, which Rome never managed? – more convincing than the classic version does it. Nevertheless, we will now return to the presentation of the latter.
The geopolitical position of the country can change, and very quickly. On the horizon of Dacians, previously waged wars against the possibly ferocious and numerous, but poorly organized and short -lived militias of other tribes, a huge, civilized and rich state appeared for the first time for the first time. At the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries n. e. Dacia was attacked by the Roman Empire. The country was desperately resisted, but the resources of the empire were immeasurably larger. The forces of Dacov, in the end, were broken, and courage did not help against superiority in numbers, organization, technology.
In the spring of 106. The king and higher aristocracy of Dacia were finally convinced of the impossibility of further struggle with the united forces of the peoples that inhabited the space between Ireland and Arabia, and, as the custom of their tribe, left this unloved world, committing suicide life. With all the stubbornness and bloodyness of that war, one cannot imagine that the Romans could (and wanted) destroy most of the country’s indigenous population. Nevertheless, some historians had such assumptions – the fact of the almost complete disappearance of the Dacian language is so amazing. Apparently, the losses among the aristocracy and priests of Dacia, the main carriers of its culture, which categorically did not want to put up with the conquest, were really huge. The country was taught a cruel lesson – its geopolitical position from the average became very bad. The first enemy appeared on the roads that went here from different ends of Eurasia, which was impossible to defeat. He was far from the last.
106 became subsequently a magical date in Romanian history. The most cult (or one of the two cults begins from it, along with the modernization of the second half of the 19th – the first half of the 20 centuries) its period and the greatest mystery.
Far line of civilization
Dacia was the last major acquisition of Rome. The Romans understood the vulnerability of the position of the new province, which was outside the natural borders of the defense of the empire on the Danube and the Rhine, the open blows of the peoples that could suddenly appear from the unknown depths of the continent. They needed to create a reliable system of defense of the country, and the Romans had enough resources for this. Years of rapid introduction to advanced civilization began.
“Emperor Trajan, having conquered Dacia, gathered a lot of people from all over the Roman Empire to cultivate the land and populate cities,” the Roman historian Eutroppius testifies. In addition to the will of the emperor, many could attract the prospect to take part in the development of gold deposits, mastered by the dachas. Management and financing by a powerful and wealthy state, the efforts of immigrants who arrived from neighboring Balkan provinces, from Asia Minor, Greece and the Middle East, ensured a rapid breakthrough in the development of Dacia. In the country, which in the previous 200 years took the first rude and inept steps along the path to civilization, for 20-30 years, at least 11 cities were created, the system of roads and border fortifications, perfect, but complex administrative, military and financial systems of the empire, Roman law and urban self -government, ancient religions, philosophical exercises, and lifestyle formed duringAlmost a thousand -year intensive development.
There is reason to assume that the ancient world actually generously shared with Romania these benefits. The newly acquired and also vulnerable province attracted increased attention, and the resources of both military power and economic prosperity of the Empire were huge. Perhaps, to some extent, Dacia is obliged to Jews. A few years after its conquest, the uprising in Judea did not allow the Romans to take advantage of the fruits of the successful attack of Trajan to Parfia, as a result of which their attention was not distracted by conquests in Central Asia, but focused on the European acquisition.
The regime of imperial power established in the Roman state more than a hundred years before the conquest of Dacia means stability and security for the subject population, but also increasing restrictions on freedom. He relaxed the population of the empire, weaned it from the skills and habits of self -organization and self -defense. Of course, the traditions of ancient freedom, ascending the Roman Republic and the Greek cities, to the newly independent tribes of Europe, slowed down these processes, but they were irreversible, and for several centuries of the existence of the empire, the heritage of the glorious past almost died under the press of despotism. The very nature of the forced novelization of Dacia could play a cruel joke with it, strengthening the role of the state and the dependence of ordinary people on it. The habit of humility must be considered easily perceived by the local population, suppressed by the terrible defeat of their country and devoid of former leaders.
The institutions and ideas of a society based on freedom, private property and the power of the law, appreciated in Rome, despite all the victories of despotism, and later formed the basis of Western civilization, were undoubtedly brought to Dacia in the defense of the victorious army of the emperor. Theoretically, these "protruding" institutions had a chance to enter the life of the country’s population, to become a stable part of its traditions. But this required a lot of time, much more than to send troops and immigrants, the construction of cities and roads. There was no Romanian ancestors at the disposal of such a time.
Dacia was not only the last acquisition of the Romans, but also their first loss. Of the approximately 800 years of the existence of Rome as a great power (based on the fact that the end of this period was by no means seized by the Odoacrum in Italy, but the destruction of the main, eastern part of the empire by the Arabs, Avars and Slavs at the beginning of the 7th century) Dakia was part of the Roman possessions only 160 years old. In 271. Romans by order of Emperor Aurelian leave the province. Judging by all available information, it is precisely voluntarily (even concluding an agreement on the transfer of power with the Goths) that they leave it, and do not lose it during the war. They do this for the same reason why they invested a lot in the development of these lands at the beginning of the 2nd century-due to their vulnerability. Only then the empire was strong and rich, and by the end of the 3rd century it was exhausted by the most severe inner crisis, so that the answer to the previous question was different – to reduce the length of the borders, returning to the more convenient lines for defense. For another three centuries, the Romans will hold the border along the Danube, but they will no longer return for any long time for the lands opened by all conquerors of Europe and Asia north of this river. In a similar way, the Turks will act in a similar way after.
Return to the prehistoric era
The departure of the Romans from Dacia is a mysterious event. It is known when, by whom, for what reason the decision was made, it is clear that the orders were followed. The darkness of complete secrets covered the specific circumstances of the departure of the imperial army and the administration, primarily the fate of the population of the province. Darkness, only in some places pierced by the rays of indirect and fragmentary information, also falls into the further history of the Romanian lands.
Many similar phenomena called dark centuries are associated with the collapse of the Roman Empire. Information about the history of most Western European countries of 6 and 7 centuries is very scarce. The most convincing example of this kind is Britain, over the history of which for some time it is not a dusk, but a complete darkness. After the Romans lose control of the island at the beginning of the 5th century, information about its history breaks off. The tribes have not yet learned to write to Britain, local Roman citizens most likely at first wrote something, but all this died in the flame of the invasion. The country from a civilized state returns to prehistoric times. This period lasts 200 years, until the turn of the 6th and 7th centuries, when, with the advent of Christian priests in the country, the written tradition is resumed, and a certain, albeit faint light, is shed on the history of the country.
Romania after the departure of the Romans plunges into the same primitive darkness as Britain, but he begins to slowly dissipate only after the 11th century, and even then not thanks to the Romanians, but by the efforts of another people who has seized this earth. The return of the Romanians as an independent nation to the bosom of civilization takes place in the 14th century. After about 200 years of attempts to create the foundations of a civilized society and 160 years of export of Roman civilization, the country returns to the primitive state for 700, and part of it for more than 1000 years!
Dive into the darkness occurs instantly. In the most important centers of the empire, numerous writers continue to cover the vicissitudes of the inner life of the state and wars with external opponents on the Eastern, Rhine, Danube borders. But no votes are heard because of the Danube. Only increase the mystery of these times of the ruins of Roman cities – they do not wear traces of military operations, destruction. But, nevertheless, their existence is sharply interrupted. It seems that on the basis of the decision of the emperor and the orders of the lower authorities, the mayors of the cities pack papers, merchants lock the shops, the townspeople are in a hurry to visit theaters or baths for the last time, which are then also sealed for order, the peasants put the inventory that are easier and collect herds to drive them to new pastures. The marching from the border fortresses to crossings through the Danube Legions closes this procession, and when the sound of their steps subsides, the country remains quiet and empty. Only the water in the possessed water pipelines gurgles, and herds of wild animals roam on empty roads.
Many circumstances of this quiet and mysterious evacuation suggest that the population has left the country, and I must say that there are no arguments that would completely refute this hypothesis. Indeed, for almost seven hundred years, information about the population of these territories, which remained since Roman times, almost does not emit in historical sources.
But here is the time to recall the great riddle of Romanian history. It consists in the fact that after 1000 years, and years filled with countless invasions and destruction, endless troubles and wars of the conquerors and immigrants among themselves, in the light of the civilization returning to this land, a people who speaking the Romanesque. The lands included in the former Yugoslavia or the current Bulgaria were part of the Roman Empire two and a half times longer than the Romanian territory, there were more significant centers of the empire. In the end, after the death of the empire, these countries were still either part of the civilized world, or retained closer than the former Dacia, connections with it. Nevertheless, now the Slavic peoples live there, and in Romania – distant descendants of the Roman immigrants. How did they manage to survive?!
This is a really great mystery of the endless dark centuries of Romanian history. It gave rise to many legends in modern Romania. Ultimately, myths about the cult period of Roman rule and the miraculous preservation of its heritage formed the basis of the national idea of Romania of the New Age. Ideas about the people, which preserved the achievements of the advanced civilization in the darkness of the barbaric world and, because of this circumstances of the one who could claim a great proximity to the most developed nations of the West, rather than its neighbors in the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
It is difficult to say whether such thoughts worried the population of villages and urban outskirts of the Roman province of the abandoned Roman province, who watched the troops who were leaving for their residences to officials who took money and valuable things to the safer places of the rich. Most likely, most of the province of the province remained in place. Although in historical sources there are no unequivocal indications of this. One Roman historian, Flavius Vopisk writes that Emperor Aurelian evacuated the army and population from the province, the other – Jordan – mentions only the withdrawal of the troops. Still, the information about relocation is too scarce. The Romans, who described their history in very details, could tell more about such a grand event as the arrival of hundreds of thousands of refugees in the empire. In addition, there is no information about the people who wandered around the crossroads of Europe for a thousand years in order to return to the same place. Such a remarkable event would surely leave traces in historical chronicles. But the people living in the same place could not leave such traces. Moreover, of course, the condition that he behaved very quietly.
The assumption according to which the population left the abandoned province, still has reason. The peaceful and ordered departure of the Romans could have consequences similar to those that arose as a result of the brutal defeat of the duck. There was a sharp decline in the development of the people, associated with the fact that the country has lost its elite. Most likely, the administration, and most of wealthy and educated people, and entrepreneurs, and the most qualified masters, generally a significant part of the urban population, had the opportunity to leave the province and find a shelter in other parts of the empire.
There were commoners, and these were not people from a free barbaric tribe, not citizens of the Republican city who could stand up for themselves. They knew how to work and pay taxes, but did not know how to fight, and they did not manage to make decisions on their own. The conditions for the adaptation of the former Roman population to new conditions were unfavorable. Being less adapted to the struggle than the ancient Dacians, the inhabitants of the former Roman province were in a more severe environment. The barbaric world of north-east of Europe approached the threshold of civilization. The tribes multiplied, so they became crowded in the previous borders, and learned to make good weapons. An elite appeared in their ranks, which has not yet had such firm supports of its power that the state and property give, and therefore longed for the war in order to prove its usefulness. Finally, the barbarians learned in sufficient detail how the rich peoples live well on the shores of the warm seas, and they were mastered by envy and thirst for robbery.
The next wanderers on the Eurasian routes after the Romans who came from the south were the Goths who later appeared, who later proved their power by taking Rome. They occupied the plains of the north-east and south-more convenient for further attacks on rich southern countries, but in turn, more accessible to the invasions of other barbarians from the north and east. The Goths owned the most part of the lands inside the Carpathian arc, but from the north, another German people penetrated this area – Gepids. In the western part of the Romanian lands, another future conquerors of Rome – vandals lived for some time.
How much we know about the conquest of the Romans of Dacia, so little about how Germanic tribes took possession of these lands. But this silence, perhaps, is eloquent, as well as the lack of traces of war in the Roman cities of Dacia. If someone had seriously resisted to the Goths, the war would be reflected in the annals of the empire. But, apparently, this was not. The population left cities and plains when approaching strangers and immigrants. Perhaps they wrote to the Roman commander and governors for the Danube letters with prayers for help. In Romanian history, such documents have not been preserved, but there is a letter of the 5th century from Britain, which is quoted in the English history of Churchill. It tells how the local population left its cities and lands in the face of the Saxons invasion, hides in forests, mountains and caves, starving and is forced to eat grass and bark of trees, is ready to kill and rob compatriots just to survive themselves.
The leaves are lost on this and I could not find them, and somehow I do not want to translate.)))
